Class 9: Networking Fundamentals, PAN LAN WAN MAN, IPv4 IPv6 & OSI Model

In Class 9 of our Cyber Security Course, we covered the core fundamentals of computer networking that every cybersecurity student and IT professional must understand before moving into advanced topics. This session started with an introduction to networking and how communication happens between devices across networks. Students learned different types of networks including PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN along with real-world examples of how these networks are used in homes, offices, organizations, and the internet. We then explored IP addressing concepts including IPv4 and IPv6, public vs private IP addresses, static vs dynamic IPs, and the role of IP addresses in network communication. The class also explained the difference between MAC addresses and IP addresses. Students were introduced to essential networking hardware devices including routers, switches, hubs, and wireless access points (APs). Their functionality, differences, and roles inside modern networks were explained in detail. The session also included a complete breakdown of the OSI Model and its 7 layers, including how each layer works, common protocols, and the importance of the OSI model in troubleshooting and cybersecurity. Topics Covered: Introduction to networking PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN IPv4 and IPv6 addressing Public vs private IPs Static vs dynamic IPs MAC Address vs IP Address Routers, switches, hubs, and APs Network communication basics OSI Model explained Functions of all 7 OSI layers Networking concepts for cybersecurity Basic network troubleshooting This class provides a strong networking foundation for ethical hacking, SOC analysis, penetration testing, CCNA, and cybersecurity careers.