Forced vs Voluntary Return

In this video, we look at the different reasons people return to their countries of origin and the level of voluntariness in their decision-making. 0:00 Intro 0:24 What Are Forced And Voluntary Return? 3:30 The Spectrum Of Voluntary To Forced Migration 4:08 The One Extreme: The Most Voluntary Returns 5:38 The Other Extreme: The Most Forced Returns 6:11 Salant And Newland's Six Areas of Return 9:19 How To Evaluate Voluntariness 10:18 Thank You For Watching Videos The Wall Street Journal (13 February 2025). Why Trump’s Military Deportation Flights Are So Expensive | WSJ, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNObnSDwWnI CBC News: The National (5 August 2024). Violent anti-immigration protests in U.K. partly fuelled by misinformation, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=renzgrInW7I Newspapers Ambri, A. and Barker, H. (17 February 2025). €1,500 and a one-way ticket: how Cyprus deports Syrian refugees with EU support, Statewatch, https://www.statewatch.org/news/2025/february/1-500-and-a-one-way-ticket-how-cyprus-deports-syrian-refugees-with-eu-support/ References Bivand Erdal, M., & Oeppen, C. (2022). Theorising voluntariness in return. Handbook of Return Migration. In R. King & K. Kuschminder (Eds.), Handbook of return migration. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839100055 EUR-Lex - 32017H2338 - EN - EUR-Lex (2017). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2017/2338/oj/eng Kalir, B. (2022). Departheid: Re-politicising the inhumane treatment of illegalised migrants in so-called liberal democratic state. In R. King & K. Kuschminder (Eds.), Handbook of return migration. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839100055 King, R., & Kuschminder, K. (2022). Introduction: Definitions, typologies and theories of return migration. Handbook of return migration. In Handbook of return migration. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839100055 Kuschminder, K. (2017). Taking stock of Assisted Voluntary Return from Europe: Decision making, reintegration and sustainable return : time for a paradigm shift [Working Paper]. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/47064 Kuschminder, K. (2022). Forced, regulated and flexible temporariness in return migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(16), 3879–3893. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2028352 Lietaert, I. (2022). Critical reflections on assisted return programmes and practices. Handbook of return migration. In R. King & K. Kuschminder (Eds.), Handbook of return migration. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839100055 Salant, B., & Newland, K. (2018). Balancing Acts: Policy Frameworks for Migrant Return and Reintegration [Policy Brief]. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/policy-frameworks-migrant-return-and-reintegration Schuster, L., & Majidi, N. (2013). What happens post-deportation? The experience of deported Afghans. Migration Studies, 1(2), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mns011 Sironi, A., Bauloz, C., & Emmanuel, M. (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, 34. https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration Triandafyllidou, A., & Ricard-Guay, A. (2019). Governing Irregular and Return Migration in the 2020s: European Challenges and Asian Pacific Perspectives. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 17(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2018.1503383 Thank you to Júlia Puigdomènech Vidal for helpful research assistance. Video edited and animated by Sten Ritterfeld, Stenslens.com