In this electrical engineering tutorial, I describe the effect of op-amp saturation.
To keep the video brief, I began with the op-amp gain equation. I have placed the link to the gain equation derivation below. The operational amplifier is a component which is powered by an external source. Due to internal circuits which the op amp is comprised of, the output voltage is limited to an output voltage which is bounded between the two input voltages called the rails. This means that the calculated voltage which is found from the ideal assumptions of the operation amplifier, are only valid for values that fall between the two rail values.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUOcfxBgFwM
