Cyber-physical systems, often abbreviated as CPS, are integrated systems that combine computational algorithms, networking, and physical components. In simple terms, they are systems where the digital and physical worlds interact in real time. These systems sense physical data, process it through computer-based algorithms, and then act upon the physical environment — creating a continuous feedback loop between the cyber and physical domains.
Cyber-physical systems form the backbone of many modern technologies — from autonomous vehicles and smart grids to robotic surgery and industrial automation. They represent a key step in the evolution of computing, one where computation is no longer confined to screens and servers but embedded directly in the physical world.
